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Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring by NIR spectroscopy has advanced over many years as a promising alternative to finger-prick strategies. However, despite important analysis, regulatory approval remains elusive. 99.26%, suggesting clinical relevance-however regulatory standards explicitly exclude non-invasive formats. Major consumer electronics firms (e.g., Samsung, Apple, Rockley Photonics) are actively growing Raman and NIR-primarily based wearables. While the FDA warns towards premature claims, these efforts reflect fast progress even amid FDA’s caution. NIR relies on overtone and combination vibrational bands of glucose’s C-H, O-H, and C-O bonds within the 700-2500 nm vary. Instruments use pulsed or continuous NIR light sources (LEDs or narrowband lasers) and delicate thermal or photodiode detectors to capture light after tissue interaction. NIR mild undergoes absorption by water, glucose, lipids, and proteins, and scattering attributable to tissue microstructures. Variations in glucose focus subtly alter the diffuse scattering coefficient, affecting both the depth and path size of reflected or transmitted mild.
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